China's Coal Dependency Evolving in 2025: Challenges and Contradictions

China's relationship with coal stands at a critical crossroads as we approach the second half of 2025. Despite significant strides in renewable energy deployment, the nation faces contradictory trends in its coal sector that threaten to undermine climate goals. Recent data reveals coal-fired power generation has decreased to a nine-year low of 51% of total electricity production, while renewables have risen to account for 60% of installed capacity.

However, this positive trend is overshadowed by an alarming increase in new coal project approvals, which are currently at their highest level in a decade. This paradoxical situation highlights the urgent need for a coherent china's next five-year plan coal exit strategy that balances energy security with climate commitments.

Current State of China's Coal Sector

Coal continues to play a dominant role in China's energy mix despite its declining share of power generation. According to the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air and Global Energy Monitor's August 2025 report, coal's contribution to the national power grid has fallen to a nine-year low of 51%. This represents a significant shift from previous years when coal consistently provided over two-thirds of China's electricity.

At the same time, renewable energy has made impressive gains, now representing 60% of total installed capacity. This milestone demonstrates China's substantial investments in clean energy infrastructure over the past decade.

Despite these positive indicators, new coal project approvals are at their highest level in ten years. This surge in new coal infrastructure risks locking in carbon-intensive energy production for decades to come, potentially undermining China's climate commitments.

The Contradiction Between Policy and Implementation

A fundamental disconnect exists between China's stated energy policy and on-the-ground implementation. While government rhetoric has increasingly emphasized coal's "supporting role" in the energy mix, practical implementation of coal reduction policies remains inconsistent across provinces and regions.

Industry appears to be accelerating project approvals ahead of China's 2030 carbon peaking deadline. As noted in the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air and Global Energy Monitor report, "This rush of activity signals possible pressure from the industry to expand coal projects as a last ditch effort before China's 2030 carbon peaking deadline."

The lack of a coordinated national strategy for managing coal's decline leaves space for this contradictory development pattern to continue. Without clear directives and enforcement mechanisms, local economic interests often prioritize short-term growth over long-term mining evolution trends.

Why Is the Next Five-Year Plan Crucial for China's Energy Transition?

The upcoming Five-Year Plan, expected in early 2026, represents China's most important policy framework for addressing its coal dependency. This plan will establish binding targets and implementation mechanisms that will shape the country's energy landscape through 2030 and beyond, directly impacting global climate efforts.

Strategic Importance of the Five-Year Planning Process

China's Five-Year Plans serve as the foundation for national economic and social development. These comprehensive documents set binding targets across all sectors of the economy, including energy, industry, and environment. The planning process involves extensive consultation across government ministries, provincial authorities, and state-owned enterprises.

For the energy sector, the Five-Year Plan establishes implementation mechanisms across all levels of government. These include specific capacity targets, investment allocations, and regulatory frameworks that guide development for the following half-decade.

The plan creates accountability frameworks for provincial and local officials, whose performance evaluations are tied to meeting the targets established in the document. This alignment of incentives is crucial for ensuring consistent implementation across China's diverse regions.

Resource allocation and investment priorities are directly influenced by the Five-Year Plan, determining where funding flows and which projects receive approval. For the energy sector, this means the plan will significantly impact whether investments continue to flow toward coal or are redirected to renewable alternatives.

The plan also sends important signals to state-owned enterprises and the private sector about the government's long-term priorities. These signals shape investment decisions well beyond the five-year timeframe of the plan itself.

Critical Timing for Climate Action

The timing of the next Five-Year Plan is particularly significant as it coincides with China's 2030 carbon peaking deadline. The targets and policies established in this document will determine whether China can successfully begin reducing its carbon emissions after 2030.

The plan will establish the framework for meeting China's international climate commitments, including its pledge to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Without strong coal reduction measures in the upcoming Five-Year Plan, meeting these commitments will become increasingly difficult.

This Five-Year Plan represents potentially the last opportunity to prevent coal infrastructure lock-in. Coal power plants typically operate for 30-40 years, meaning facilities built in the next five years could still be operating well beyond 2050, conflicting with China's carbon neutrality goal.

The feasibility of China's 2060 carbon neutrality goal will be significantly influenced by decisions made in this planning cycle. A clear coal phase-out strategy in the next Five-Year Plan would provide a realistic pathway to meeting this ambitious target.

What Are the Key Challenges in Phasing Out Coal Power?

Transitioning away from coal presents complex economic, social, and technical challenges that must be addressed in any comprehensive exit strategy. The next Five-Year Plan must balance these considerations while maintaining energy security and economic stability.

Economic and Social Considerations

One of the most significant challenges is managing the employment impacts in coal-dependent regions and communities. China's coal industry employs millions of workers, many in provinces with limited alternative economic opportunities. A just transition strategy must provide retraining programs, alternative employment options, and social support for affected communities.

Stranded asset risks loom large for recent coal investments. China has continued building coal plants throughout the past decade, and many of these facilities have not yet recovered their initial investment costs. Early retirement could create significant financial losses for investors, including state-owned enterprises and local governments.

Regional economic disparities complicate the transition away from coal. Less developed provinces often rely more heavily on coal for both energy and economic activity. These regions may require additional support and more gradual transition timelines to avoid exacerbating existing inequalities.

Energy affordability concerns for industry and households must also be addressed. While renewable energy costs have fallen dramatically, system integration costs and grid upgrades may lead to higher electricity prices in the short term. Policies must ensure that these costs do not disproportionately impact vulnerable populations or energy-intensive industries facing international competition.

Technical and System Integration Challenges

Grid stability with increasing renewable penetration represents a significant technical challenge. As variable renewable energy sources like wind and solar provide a larger share of electricity, maintaining grid frequency and voltage stability becomes more complex. Enhanced forecasting, expanded transmission networks, and improved grid management systems will be essential.

Seasonal and daily load balancing requirements grow more demanding as renewable energy share increases. China's electricity demand peaks during winter heating and summer cooling seasons, which may not align with periods of maximum renewable generation. Long-duration storage solutions and flexible demand management will be crucial for addressing these mismatches.

Current energy storage limitations and costs represent another barrier to rapid coal phase-out. While battery costs have declined substantially, seasonal storage remains prohibitively expensive. Developing cost-effective long-duration storage technologies will be essential for managing renewable energy's variability.

Transmission infrastructure constraints can limit the integration of renewable energy resources. China's best wind and solar resources are often located far from major demand centers, requiring massive investments in ultra-high voltage transmission lines to deliver this clean energy to where it's needed.

Industrial heat requirements currently served by coal present a particular challenge. Many industrial processes require high-temperature heat that is difficult to provide with electricity. Developing alternatives such as green hydrogen, industrial heat pumps, and electrification initiatives will be necessary for these sectors.

How Does China's Coal Strategy Impact Global Climate Goals?

China's decisions regarding coal will have profound implications for global climate action. As the world's largest carbon emitter and coal consumer, China's energy choices directly influence the feasibility of limiting global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C.

Global Climate Implications

China accounts for approximately 30% of global carbon emissions, making its climate policies crucial for global efforts to combat climate change. No global climate scenario that limits warming to 2°C or below is feasible without significant emissions reductions from China.

Coal represents over 60% of China's carbon footprint, making it the single most important sector for emissions reduction. Despite progress in renewable energy deployment, absolute emissions from coal consumption have continued to rise in many recent years due to overall growth in energy demand.

Chinese coal consumption exceeds that of all other countries combined, highlighting the outsized impact of China's coal policies. Even small percentage changes in China's coal use can have larger climate impacts than major policy shifts in smaller economies.

International climate agreements depend on China's successful transition away from coal. The effectiveness of the Paris Agreement and subsequent climate negotiations hinges on China's ability to reduce emissions from its coal sector in line with global temperature goals.

Comparative International Context

Understanding China's coal transition requires placing it in international context. While other major economies have begun phasing out coal, China's scale and development stage present unique challenges.

The United States has reduced coal's share of electricity generation to approximately 17% in 2025, primarily through market forces as natural gas and renewables have become more cost-competitive. However, the U.S. lacks a formal national coal phase-out target, with policies varying significantly by state.

The European Union has made substantial progress in reducing coal use, with coal providing only about 13% of electricity in 2025. Several EU member states have established phase-out dates ranging from 2030 to 2038, supported by carbon pricing and renewable energy incentives.

India, like China, faces the challenge of balancing development needs with climate goals. Coal still provides approximately 70% of India's electricity in 2025, and while the country has ambitious renewable energy targets, it has not established a formal coal phase-out timeline.

Japan continues to rely on coal for about 26% of its electricity generation, despite its advanced economy and 2050 carbon neutrality pledge. The country is gradually reducing coal use but faces energy security concerns that have slowed the transition.

What Would an Effective Coal Exit Strategy Include?

A comprehensive strategy for managing China's transition away from coal would need to address multiple dimensions of the challenge while ensuring energy security and economic stability.

Essential Elements of a Coal Exit Roadmap

A clear timeline for coal reduction is fundamental to any effective exit strategy. This should include specific dates for peaking coal capacity and beginning systematic retirements of existing plants. Without time-bound commitments, market uncertainty will continue to drive contradictory investment patterns.

Regional transition plans tailored to each province's specific circumstances are essential given China's diverse economic and energy landscape. Coal-dependent provinces like Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Shaanxi will require more comprehensive support than regions with more diversified economies.

Just transition mechanisms must support affected workers and communities throughout the coal phase-out process. These should include retraining programs, early retirement options, economic diversification initiatives, and targeted investments in former coal regions.

Accelerated renewable deployment is necessary to replace retiring coal capacity. The next Five-Year Plan should establish more ambitious targets for wind, solar, and energy storage deployment, along with streamlined approval processes and enhanced grid integration requirements.

Grid modernization investments must keep pace with the changing generation mix. This includes expanded transmission capacity, enhanced distribution networks, and advanced control systems capable of managing high penetrations of variable renewable energy.

Demand-side management programs can reduce the need for new generation capacity while improving system flexibility. Energy efficiency standards, time-of-use pricing, and incentives for flexible industrial loads can all help manage the transition away from coal.

Carbon pricing mechanisms that internalize the environmental and social costs of coal generation would accelerate the transition to cleaner alternatives. China's national emissions trading system could be strengthened by lowering allocation caps and expanding sectoral coverage.

Industrial decarbonization requires developing alternative heat sources for processes currently dependent on coal. Investment in technologies like green hydrogen, industrial heat pumps, and electric furnaces will be crucial for hard-to-abate sectors.

Policy Implementation Mechanisms

Binding caps on provincial coal capacity would provide clear limits on new development while establishing a framework for gradual reductions. These caps should be differentiated based on regional circumstances but collectively align with national climate goals.

Enhanced emissions standards for existing plants can accelerate the retirement of older, less efficient facilities while improving air quality in the near term. Progressively tightening these standards would create a predictable pathway for plant operators.

Accelerated retirement schedules for older facilities would prioritize the closure of the most polluting and least efficient plants first. Financial mechanisms could be established to compensate owners for early retirement while ensuring system reliability.

Restricted operating hours for remaining coal plants would allow them to serve as capacity reserves rather than baseload generation. This approach maintains energy security while reducing overall coal consumption and emissions.

Green finance incentives for renewable investments can help redirect capital from coal to clean energy alternatives. This could include preferential loan terms, risk guarantees, and simplified approval processes for renewable projects.

Prohibition on new coal project approvals would be the most direct way to prevent further lock-in of carbon-intensive infrastructure. This could begin with an immediate moratorium on projects not yet under construction.

Carbon market reforms to raise effective carbon prices would improve the economic competitiveness of clean energy alternatives. Strengthening China's emissions trading system through reduced allowance allocations and expanded coverage would support the coal transition.

How Are Renewable Energy Deployments Reshaping China's Energy Landscape?

China's renewable energy sector has experienced explosive growth, creating the foundation for a potential coal exit strategy. Understanding these developments provides context for the feasibility of accelerating the coal transition.

Renewable Energy Progress

Solar capacity additions in China have consistently broken records in recent years. The country has leveraged its manufacturing scale and declining technology costs to deploy solar at an unprecedented pace, with utility-scale projects complemented by distributed generation in urban and industrial areas.

Wind power expansion has occurred both onshore and offshore, with China now leading global deployment in both categories. Technological improvements have enabled wind farms to generate electricity at increasingly competitive costs, even in regions with moderate wind resources.

Hydropower continues to play a major role in China's renewable energy mix, with large-scale projects providing both electricity generation and energy storage through pumped hydro facilities. These projects help balance the variability of wind and solar while providing flood control and water management benefits.

Energy storage deployment has accelerated, particularly battery technologies that enable better integration of variable renewable energy. Cost reductions in lithium-ion batteries have made short-duration storage increasingly economic, while research continues on longer-duration solutions.

Transmission infrastructure expansion, particularly ultra-high voltage lines connecting resource-rich regions to demand centers, has been crucial for renewable energy growth. These lines allow electricity generated in the wind-rich north and northwest and solar-rich southwest to reach population centers in the east.

Integration Challenges and Solutions

Curtailment rates for wind and solar have historically been a significant challenge in China, with some regions forced to waste renewable energy due to grid constraints or inflexible coal operations. While these rates have improved in recent years, continued grid enhancements and operational reforms are needed to minimize curtailment.

Seasonal variability management remains difficult, particularly for northern regions that experience peak electricity demand during winter heating season when solar generation is at its lowest. Developing seasonal storage solutions and maintaining adequate firm capacity will be essential for managing these variations.

Peak demand coverage during extreme weather events presents a particular challenge for renewable-dominated systems. Ensuring sufficient capacity during these periods while avoiding overbuilding of rarely-used fossil fuel plants requires sophisticated planning and market design.

Interprovincial transmission bottlenecks continue to limit the optimal use of renewable resources. Expanding transmission capacity and improving coordination between provincial grid operators would enable more efficient utilization of renewable generation across regions.

Market reforms to prioritize renewable dispatch are progressing but remain incomplete. Further reforms to electricity pricing, dispatch rules, and ancillary service markets would improve the economic position of renewables relative to coal.

What Are the Economic Implications of China's Coal Transition?

The economic dimensions of China's energy transition extend beyond the power sector, affecting industrial competitiveness, regional development, and global trade patterns.

Economic Transformation Opportunities

Clean energy manufacturing leadership represents a significant economic opportunity for China. The country already dominates global production of solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries, creating millions of jobs and generating substantial export revenues.

Green technology exports could become an increasingly important component of China's trade strategy. As global demand for clean energy technologies grows, China's manufacturing scale and technological capabilities position it to capture a significant share of this expanding market.

Reduced health and environmental costs from coal pollution would yield substantial economic benefits. Air pollution from coal combustion contributes to hundreds of thousands of premature deaths annually in China, along with associated healthcare costs and productivity losses.

Enhanced energy independence would reduce China's vulnerability to international fuel price fluctuations. While China remains a major coal producer, it has become increasingly dependent on imported oil and gas. Domestic renewable resources provide a hedge against these import dependencies.

Improved international competitiveness in low-carbon markets could benefit Chinese manufacturers as global climate policies tighten. Companies that transition early to clean energy and low-carbon production methods will be better positioned to compete in markets with carbon border adjustments or strict emissions standards.

Economic Risks and Challenges

Stranded asset costs for recent coal investments represent a significant economic risk. China has continued to build coal plants throughout the past decade, and many of these facilities have expected lifespans extending to 2050 or beyond. Early retirement could create substantial financial losses.

Regional economic disruption in coal-dependent areas could be severe without adequate transition planning. Provinces like Shanxi, where coal mining and processing represent a large share of economic activity, will require substantial support to develop alternative industries.

Short-term energy price impacts may occur during the transition period as the energy system adapts to new technologies and market structures. Managing these price effects to avoid economic disruption will be an important policy consideration.

Industrial competitiveness concerns may arise for energy-intensive industries if electricity prices increase during the transition. Industries like steel, cement, and chemicals that compete internationally may require targeted support measures to maintain competitiveness while reducing emissions.

Employment shifts requiring workforce retraining will be necessary as coal jobs decline and clean energy jobs increase. While the net employment effect may be positive, the geographic and skill distribution of these jobs will differ, requiring significant worker transition support.

How Can China Balance Energy Security with Climate Goals?

Energy security remains a paramount concern for Chinese policymakers, creating tension with climate objectives. The next Five-Year Plan must address these concerns to enable an accelerated coal transition.

Energy Security Considerations

Supply reliability during peak demand periods is essential for maintaining economic activity and public safety. As variable renewable energy provides a larger share of generation, ensuring adequate capacity during extreme weather events becomes more challenging.

Resilience to extreme weather events is increasingly important as climate change makes these events more frequent and severe. Power systems must be designed to withstand floods, heat waves, cold snaps, and other disruptions that can affect both generation and transmission.

Reduced import dependence for critical minerals energy transition would strengthen China's energy security position. While coal is largely domestically produced, many of the materials needed for renewable energy technologies, such as certain rare earth elements, currently rely on global supply chains.

Affordability for industrial and residential consumers must be maintained throughout the transition. Sudden price increases could create economic hardship and reduce public support for climate policies.

System stability with increasing variable renewables requires sophisticated grid management techniques and adequate flexible resources. Maintaining frequency stability and voltage control becomes more complex as synchronous coal generators are replaced by inverter-based renewable resources.

Balancing Mechanisms

Strategic reserves of critical materials for clean energy technologies could reduce vulnerability to supply disruptions. Establishing stockpiles of key minerals and components, similar to petroleum reserves, would enhance energy security in a renewable-dominated system.

A diversified clean energy portfolio including wind, solar, hydropower, nuclear, and bioenergy would reduce dependence on any single resource. This diversity helps manage the variability of individual renewable resources while providing multiple pathways to decarbonization.

Demand response programs that allow electricity consumption to adjust to supply conditions can significantly enhance system flexibility. Industrial processes, commercial buildings, and even residential appliances can be designed to shift consumption to periods of abundant renewable generation.

Regional interconnection enhancement would allow resources to be shared across wider geographic areas, reducing the impact of localized weather patterns on renewable generation. Stronger connections between China's regional grids would improve overall system reliability.

Advanced forecasting and grid management systems can dramatically improve the integration of variable renewable energy. Artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques allow for more accurate prediction of renewable generation and optimization of system operations.

Accelerated domestic manufacturing of clean energy technologies would reduce dependence on international supply chains. Ensuring secure access to the materials and components needed for the energy transition enhances long-term energy security.

What Role Will Provincial Governments Play in Coal Reduction?

China's governance structure places significant implementation responsibility on provincial authorities, making their alignment with national goals essential for successful coal reduction.

Provincial Implementation Challenges

Economic dependence on coal in certain regions creates strong incentives for local officials to protect coal industries. Provinces like Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Shaanxi derive substantial economic activity and government revenue from coal mining and power generation.

Local employment concerns often dominate provincial decision-making about coal facilities. Coal mines and power plants provide stable, relatively well-paying jobs in many regions with limited alternative employment opportunities.

Provincial revenue impacts from reduced coal activity can be significant, affecting local government's ability to provide public services. Coal-related taxes and fees fund education, healthcare, and infrastructure in many resource-dependent regions.

Varying renewable resource endowments create disparities in the ease of transition across provinces. Regions with abundant wind, solar, or hydropower resources can more easily replace coal generation than areas with limited renewable potential.

Interprovincial competition for investment can lead to a "race to the bottom" in environmental standards as provinces seek to attract and retain industrial activity. This competition complicates efforts to implement consistent national policies for coal reduction.

Effective Provincial Coordination Mechanisms

Differentiated targets based on local conditions would recognize the varying starting points and transition capabilities of different provinces. These targets should collectively align with national goals while providing flexibility in implementation approaches.

Financial support for coal-dependent regions would help address the economic and fiscal impacts of coal reduction. This could include direct transition assistance, preferential access to clean energy investment funds, and infrastructure development grants.

Performance evaluation metrics for officials should be adjusted to reward progress on energy transition goals. Currently, economic growth metrics often dominate official evaluations, creating incentives to maintain coal-intensive industries.

Interprovincial cooperation frameworks could help share resources and best practices while reducing harmful competition. Regional coordination on grid planning, renewable energy deployment, and industrial transition would improve overall outcomes.

Regional just transition programs tailored to the specific needs of coal-dependent areas would help manage the social impacts of the energy transition. These programs should involve local stakeholders in planning and implementation to ensure they address community priorities.

FAQs About China's Coal Exit Strategy

Why is China still approving new coal plants despite climate commitments?

China continues approving new coal plants due to several factors, including concerns about energy security during peak demand periods, regional economic development priorities, and perceived grid stability benefits. Many of these plants are intended to serve as backup capacity rather than baseload generation, though this approach creates risks of infrastructure lock-in and stranded assets if not carefully managed.

The approval surge noted in the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air and Global Energy Monitor report likely reflects industry pressure to secure permits before stricter regulations take effect. Without clear national coordination, provincial authorities often approve projects based on local economic considerations rather than climate impacts.

How does China's coal consumption compare to other countries?

China consumes more coal than all other countries combined, making its transition strategy globally significant. While other major economies like the US and EU have reduced coal consumption substantially, China's sheer scale means even small percentage changes have enormous climate implications.

The decline in coal's share of China's power generation to 51% represents significant progress but still far exceeds the levels in developed economies. For comparison, coal provides approximately 17% of US electricity and 13% in the EU as of 2025.

What are the main barriers to accelerating China's coal exit?

Key barriers include concerns about grid stability with high renewable penetration, regional economic impacts in coal-dependent provinces, industrial heat requirements currently served by coal, and the relatively young age of much of China's coal fleet. These technical and economic factors are compounded by institutional challenges, including fragmented authority between national and provincial governments and powerful state-owned enterprises with interests in the coal sector.

According to the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air and Global Energy Monitor report, earlier pledges to relegate coal to a supporting role "haven't been properly implemented," highlighting the gap between policy announcements and actual implementation.

How might international climate policies affect China's coal strategy?

International mechanisms like carbon border adjustment mechanisms, climate finance initiatives, and diplomatic pressure could influence China's domestic coal policies. As major economies implement carbon pricing and border adjustments, Chinese exports may face competitive disadvantages if the country continues to rely heavily on coal.

International climate finance could help support China's coal transition, particularly in developing alternative economic opportunities for coal-dependent regions. However, sovereignty concerns and energy security priorities mean domestic considerations will likely remain the primary drivers of policy.

What technologies are most critical for enabling China's coal transition?

Advanced energy storage systems are essential for managing the variability of renewable energy and providing grid services currently supplied by coal plants. Both short-duration batteries and longer-duration solutions like pumped hydro and emerging technologies will be needed.

Ultra-high voltage transmission enables renewable energy from resource-rich regions to reach major demand centers, reducing curtailment and improving system efficiency. China has led global deployment of this technology but needs continued expansion to support higher renewable penetration.

Smart grid systems that optimize the interaction between generation, storage, and flexible demand will be crucial for maintaining reliability with less coal capacity. Advanced forecasting, automated control systems, and grid-forming inverters can help manage a more complex, renewable-dominated grid.

Green hydrogen production could provide an alternative to coal for industrial processes requiring high-temperature heat. While currently expensive, electrolytic hydrogen produced from renewable electricity could eventually replace coal in steel production, chemical manufacturing, and other industrial applications.

Digital demand management technologies that enable more flexible electricity consumption will reduce the need for coal plants to provide peak capacity. From industrial load shifting to smart home energy management, these technologies can help align electricity demand with renewable energy availability.

China's Next Five-Year Plan: A Pivotal Moment for Global Climate Action

The upcoming Five-Year Plan represents China's most important opportunity to establish a coherent coal exit strategy that aligns with its climate commitments. As highlighted by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air and Global Energy Monitor, the plan should deliver "a clear, coordinated road map for managing coal power's decline."

The contradictions in China's current approach—declining coal generation alongside record new project approvals—cannot continue if the country is to meet its carbon peaking and neutrality goals. The next Five-Year Plan must resolve these contradictions through clear timelines, binding targets, and effective implementation mechanisms.

With coal still providing 51% of China's electricity and the country accounting for a significant portion of global emissions, the decisions made in this planning cycle will have profound implications for global climate efforts. A successful coal transition in China would demonstrate that the world's largest energy consumer can balance development needs with climate responsibility, providing a model for other emerging economies.

The technical and economic foundations for this transition are increasingly solid, with renewable energy now representing 60% of China's installed capacity and continuing to grow rapidly. The challenge now is primarily one of policy coordination and implementation—translating high-level commitments into consistent action across all levels of government.

As the global community watches China's next moves, the upcoming Five-Year Plan will reveal whether the country is prepared to make the difficult but necessary choices to begin systematically reducing its coal dependence and establishing a clear pathway to decarbonisation benefits and carbon neutrality. Furthermore, the success of this transition will be showcased at the upcoming global mining innovation expo where industry leaders will discuss sustainable practices.

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