Energy Department Announces $355M for Domestic Critical Minerals Production

Understanding Critical Minerals Funding in the Energy Sector

The U.S. Department of Energy's recent announcement of $355 million in funding for domestic critical minerals production represents a significant shift in America's approach to strategic mineral independence. However, recognising the importance of critical minerals in energy transition has become essential as these essential materials form the backbone of modern energy infrastructure, from battery storage systems that stabilise electrical grids to rare earth elements powering wind turbine generators and electric vehicle powertrains.

Critical minerals serve dual purposes that make them indispensable to national security. Beyond their role in clean energy technologies, these materials are embedded in defence applications where supply disruptions could compromise military readiness. The strategic importance extends beyond immediate operational needs to encompass long-term economic competitiveness in global technology markets.

Secretary of Energy Chris Wright highlighted the vulnerability created by decades of underinvestment, noting that prolonged reliance on foreign nations for minerals powering the American economy has created dangerous supply chain vulnerabilities. This assessment reflects growing recognition that years of complacency have systematically eroded domestic mineral extraction and processing capabilities.

What Are Critical Minerals and Why Do They Matter?

The timing of this energy department critical minerals funding initiative coincides with accelerating demand for critical materials across multiple sectors. Grid-scale energy storage projects require massive quantities of lithium and other battery materials, while the expanding electric vehicle market creates unprecedented demand for cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements. Without domestic production capacity, these supply chains remain vulnerable to geopolitical disruptions and price volatility.

Historical reliance on foreign mineral sources has created a complex web of dependencies that extend far beyond simple import dependence. The concentration of processing capabilities in specific geographic regions means that even domestically mined materials often require international processing before returning to American manufacturing facilities.

The economic impact of supply disruptions extends beyond immediate material costs to encompass downstream manufacturing delays and technology deployment bottlenecks. When critical mineral supplies face constraints, entire industrial sectors experience cascading effects that can persist for months or years.

Three minerals drive much of the current transformation in America's energy landscape:

• Lithium: Essential for battery technologies across scales from residential storage to utility-scale grid stabilisation systems
• Rare earth elements: Critical components in permanent magnets for wind generators and electric motor applications
• Graphite: Required for battery anodes in both stationary storage and transportation applications

This mineral dependency has created what energy security experts describe as a strategic bottleneck where America's energy transition timeline directly depends on foreign supply chain reliability. The vulnerability became particularly apparent during recent global supply chain disruptions when mineral price volatility threatened project economics across the renewable energy sector.

How Much Federal Funding Is Available for Critical Minerals Projects?

Breaking Down the $355 Million Allocation

The November 14, 2025 announcement represents the first major tranche of a broader $1 billion investment strategy announced by the Department of Energy in August 2025. Furthermore, this initial allocation focuses on two complementary approaches to domestic critical minerals development whilst implementing modern mining technology solutions.

2025 Critical Minerals Funding Distribution

The allocation structure prioritises immediate deployment opportunities while building long-term technological capabilities. Moreover, the $275 million designated for industrial byproduct recovery represents recognition that existing American industrial infrastructure generates substantial volumes of materials containing critical minerals in recoverable concentrations.

Kyle Haustveit, Assistant Secretary of the Office of Fossil Energy, emphasised the historical significance of this investment, characterising the Mine of the Future initiative as one of the Department of Energy's first major investments into mining technology research and development in almost four decades. This timeline underscores the extended gap in federal mining research and development support.

The Broader $1 Billion Investment Strategy

The comprehensive investment strategy extends well beyond the initial $355 million announcement to encompass integrated supply chain development across multiple critical points. Additionally, the remaining $645 million allocation addresses processing capabilities, battery manufacturing infrastructure, and advanced recovery technologies.

Key components of the broader strategy include:

• Processing and battery manufacturing initiatives: Estimated $500 million for domestic processing capability development
• Industrial byproduct recovery expansion: Additional $250 million for scaling successful pilot projects
• Rare earth supply chain enhancement: Targeted $135 million for critical permanent magnet materials
• ARPA-E RECOVER program allocation: $40 million for breakthrough recovery technologies

This multi-year investment framework delivers on two specific Executive Orders: "Unleashing American Energy" and implementing US mineral production policy measures. The executive-level prioritisation indicates sustained commitment beyond typical program cycles.

The strategy's integrated approach recognises that mining raw materials represents only the first step in a complex value chain. Without domestic processing capabilities, even successfully mined American minerals might require international processing, maintaining supply chain vulnerabilities despite increased domestic extraction.

What Types of Projects Qualify for Energy Department Funding?

Coal-Based Feedstock Recovery Projects

Coal-based feedstock recovery represents one of the most innovative approaches within the $275 million Mines & Metals Capacity Expansion funding opportunity. This strategy transforms economic liabilities into strategic assets by extracting valuable minerals from coal waste streams that have accumulated over decades of mining operations.

Projects focusing on coal-based resources as feedstocks must demonstrate capability for critical material production at large pilot-scale facilities. The technical requirements emphasise advancing and accelerating demonstration rather than basic research, indicating that successful applicants will deploy proven technologies in new operational contexts.

The approach offers significant advantages for fossil energy communities experiencing economic transition. Rather than viewing coal industry decline as purely economic loss, these projects create new value chains within existing infrastructure regions. Coal combustion byproducts, including fly ash and bottom ash, contain recoverable concentrations of rare earth elements, lithium, and other critical materials.

Expected production capacity targets reflect commercial-scale potential rather than experimental volumes. Projects must demonstrate feasibility pathways for 2028-2030 commercial deployment, establishing clear transition timelines from pilot demonstration to market-ready production.

Commercialisation requirements include:

• Large pilot-scale facility operation demonstrating technical and economic viability
• Integration with existing coal industry infrastructure to minimise capital requirements
• Environmental remediation benefits through productive use of coal waste materials
• Workforce transition opportunities for displaced coal industry workers

Industrial Byproduct Transformation Initiatives

Industrial byproduct transformation expands the potential applicant pool beyond traditional mining and energy sectors to encompass any American industry generating waste streams with recoverable critical mineral content. This sector-agnostic approach recognises that valuable materials may be embedded in diverse industrial processes, particularly through innovative lithium extraction methods.

Eligible industries span chemical manufacturing, metal processing, electronics production, and numerous other sectors where critical minerals appear as trace elements in waste streams or process residues. The funding opportunity specifically welcomes applications from all U.S. industry sectors capable of producing market-ready materials from industrial byproducts.

Technical requirements emphasise market-ready material production rather than basic feasibility demonstration. This standard indicates that pilot facilities must achieve commercial-grade quality specifications, not merely prove that mineral extraction is technically possible.

Cross-industry applications create opportunities for innovative partnerships:

• Chemical manufacturing residues containing rare earth elements from catalyst production
• Metal processing slag with recoverable lithium and cobalt concentrations
• Electronics manufacturing waste rich in precious metals and critical materials
• Industrial water treatment residues containing concentrated mineral byproducts

Integration with existing industrial infrastructure offers significant cost advantages compared to greenfield development. Successful projects will likely retrofit or augment current facilities rather than require entirely new operational sites, reducing both capital requirements and permitting complexity.

Advanced Mining Technology Development

The Mine of the Future – Proving Ground Initiative addresses a critical gap in mining technology commercialisation where laboratory-proven technologies often fail when deployed at field scale. The $80 million allocation supports real-world testing environments that bridge this commercialisation valley.

Field-scale demonstration requirements reflect the reality that mining technologies face site-specific challenges related to geological conditions, environmental factors, and operational constraints that cannot be fully replicated in laboratory settings. Proving grounds provide controlled environments where next-generation mining technologies can undergo validation before full commercial deployment.

Technology categories eligible for proving ground testing include:

• Autonomous drilling and extraction systems with enhanced safety profiles
• Advanced ore sorting technologies improving mineral recovery rates
• Real-time mineral composition analysis optimising processing efficiency
• Environmental monitoring integration reducing regulatory compliance costs

Workforce training components embedded within technology validation create dual benefits for recipient communities. Projects must include hands-on training programmes preparing the next generation of American miners and engineers to operate advanced systems safely and efficiently.

The proving ground model reduces financial risk barriers that typically prevent private companies from adopting unproven technologies. By providing shared testing infrastructure, the Department of Energy enables smaller companies to access validation capabilities that would otherwise require prohibitive capital investments.

Who Can Apply for Critical Minerals Funding Opportunities?

Eligibility Requirements for Industrial Facilities

Eligibility criteria emphasise American industrial facilities with demonstrated capability for critical mineral production from existing byproduct streams. The domestic operation requirement reflects strategic objectives to ensure funding benefits accrue to U.S.-based operations and employment rather than foreign-controlled entities.

Technical capability assessments focus on existing operational infrastructure or clear pathways to facility development rather than conceptual proposals. Applicants must demonstrate that their facilities can achieve pilot-scale production volumes sufficient to validate commercial potential.

Key eligibility factors include:

• Domestic facility location and operation with established industrial infrastructure
• Demonstrated access to byproduct feedstocks in quantities sufficient for sustained operations
• Technical expertise and operational experience in materials processing or related fields
• Financial capacity for cost-sharing requirements typical of Department of Energy programmes

Partnership structures with downstream customers receive priority consideration, as these relationships demonstrate market demand for produced materials. Projects showing established offtake agreements or letters of intent from potential buyers strengthen application competitiveness.

The application process requires comprehensive documentation of technical feasibility, financial viability, and market potential. Environmental compliance capabilities receive particular attention, as industrial byproduct processing often involves complex regulatory requirements across multiple jurisdictions.

Geographic Prioritisation and Regional Benefits

Geographic prioritisation explicitly targets fossil energy communities as primary beneficiaries of energy department critical minerals funding. This strategy connects supply chain resilience objectives to rural economic development and workforce transition support.

Fossil energy communities experiencing coal industry decline receive preferential consideration because critical minerals projects create alternative economic opportunities within existing industrial regions. The approach leverages established infrastructure, available workforce, and existing industrial expertise while diversifying local economic bases.

Regional benefit criteria include:

• Economic revitalisation potential in communities affected by fossil energy transitions
• Workforce development opportunities utilising existing industrial skills and experience
• Infrastructure readiness including transportation access, utility capacity, and industrial facilities
• State-level coordination mechanisms supporting project development and permitting

The geographic strategy recognises that successful critical minerals development requires more than technical capability. Community acceptance, regulatory support, and workforce availability play crucial roles in project success, making fossil energy communities ideal development locations.

Kyle Haustveit emphasised the dual objectives of creating economic prosperity in fossil energy communities while strengthening critical mineral supply chains for the United States and allied nations. This approach transforms potential economic disadvantage into strategic opportunity.

What Are the Application Requirements and Deadlines?

Documentation and Technical Specifications

Application requirements emphasise comprehensive documentation demonstrating both technical feasibility and commercial viability. The Department of Energy requires applicants to provide detailed commercialisation plans targeting 2028-2030 deployment, establishing clear pathways from pilot demonstration to market-scale production.

Technical specifications must address multiple operational dimensions:

• Detailed process flow diagrams showing mineral recovery and processing stages
• Production capacity projections with supporting engineering analysis
• Quality control protocols ensuring market-ready material specifications
• Scalability assessments demonstrating transition pathways to commercial volumes

Environmental impact assessments require comprehensive evaluation of regulatory compliance requirements across federal, state, and local jurisdictions. Projects involving industrial byproduct processing face particularly complex regulatory frameworks requiring coordination between environmental protection agencies, mining regulators, and industrial safety authorities.

Financial documentation includes cost-sharing structures typical of Department of Energy programmes, where recipients provide matching funds demonstrating commitment to project success. The matching requirements also ensure that projects have sufficient financial backing to complete development phases and transition to commercial operation.

Essential application components include:

• Technical feasibility studies with supporting data from laboratory or pilot testing
• Market analysis and customer development plans showing demand for produced materials
• Environmental compliance strategies addressing all applicable regulatory requirements
• Financial projections and funding sources including recipient cost-share commitments

Timeline and Selection Process

The December 15, 2025 application deadline at 5:00 PM ET provides approximately four weeks from announcement to submission for both funding opportunities. This compressed timeline reflects administrative urgency in deploying energy department critical minerals funding within current fiscal and policy cycles.

Selection criteria prioritise applications demonstrating maximum domestic supply chain benefits through job creation, economic development, and strategic mineral production. Review panels evaluate both technical merit and broader national security implications of proposed projects.

Key evaluation factors include:

• Technical feasibility and innovation potential of proposed mineral recovery approaches
• Economic impact and job creation particularly in targeted fossil energy communities
• Supply chain resilience benefits including reduced import dependence
• Timeline realism and commercialisation probability for 2028-2030 market deployment

The review process emphasises domestic value creation over pure technical innovation, recognising that supply chain security requires commercially viable domestic production rather than laboratory achievements. Projects showing clear pathways to sustained domestic mineral supply receive priority consideration.

Expected award announcements will occur in early 2026, with project initiation scheduled for spring 2026. This timeline allows selected recipients to begin facility development and technology deployment within the broader timeline targeting 2028-2030 commercial production.

How Does This Funding Support National Energy Security?

Reducing Foreign Dependency Risks

Strategic diversification away from foreign mineral suppliers addresses vulnerabilities that have developed over decades of outsourcing America's industrial base. The funding initiative specifically targets minerals where entities of concern currently dominate global supply chains, creating potential leverage over American energy and defence systems.

Building resilient domestic supply networks requires more than simply replacing foreign sources with American alternatives. Redundancy and geographic distribution ensure that domestic supply chains maintain reliability even when individual facilities face operational challenges or regional disruptions.

Critical dependency reduction strategies include:

• Multiple domestic supply sources preventing single points of failure in mineral supply chains
• Strategic stockpile development providing buffer capacity during supply disruptions
• Allied nation partnerships diversifying sources while maintaining security cooperation
• Recycling and recovery expansion reducing primary material requirements through circular economy approaches

The approach recognises that complete supply independence may be neither economically feasible nor strategically necessary. Instead, the goal involves creating sufficient domestic capacity to ensure continued operations during extended supply disruptions while maintaining cost competitiveness under normal market conditions.

Secretary Wright's emphasis on rebuilding America's mining and industrial base reflects recognition that energy security ultimately depends on domestic production capabilities rather than inventory management or diplomatic agreements alone.

Economic Benefits and Job Creation Potential

Manufacturing job opportunities in energy communities offer direct economic benefits while supporting broader strategic objectives. High-skill, high-wage positions in advanced mining and processing operations provide career pathways for workers transitioning from traditional fossil energy industries.

Technology export potential creates additional economic opportunities as American companies develop advanced mineral recovery and processing capabilities. International market development for American mining technologies and expertise can generate export revenues while supporting allied nations' supply chain security objectives.

Long-term economic multiplier effects extend beyond direct employment to encompass:

• Supply chain cluster development attracting downstream manufacturing operations
• Research and development investments in mining technology and advanced materials
• Infrastructure improvements benefiting broader regional economic development
• Workforce development programmes creating transferable skills for emerging industries

The economic strategy targets sustainable competitive advantages rather than temporary job creation. By focusing on technology development and advanced manufacturing capabilities, the energy department critical minerals funding aims to establish American leadership in critical minerals sectors for decades rather than years.

Regional economic benefits concentrate in areas where existing industrial infrastructure and workforce capabilities provide implementation advantages, creating geographic clusters of expertise that attract additional investment and development.

What Technologies Are Being Prioritised for Development?

Breakthrough Recovery Methods

Advanced separation technologies for complex mineral mixtures represent a key focus area where American innovation can create competitive advantages. Traditional mineral processing often achieves low recovery rates for critical materials present in small concentrations within host rocks or industrial byproducts.

Breakthrough recovery methods under development include:

• Selective extraction processes targeting specific minerals while leaving host materials undisturbed
• Biological recovery systems using engineered microorganisms to concentrate and extract target materials
• Advanced chemical separation employing novel solvents and separation agents
• Electromagnetic sorting technologies distinguishing materials based on magnetic and electrical properties

Automated mining systems receive significant attention due to their potential for simultaneous cost reduction and safety improvement. Underground mining operations face inherent safety risks that automated systems can substantially reduce while improving operational efficiency and mineral recovery rates.

Environmental remediation through mineral extraction creates dual-purpose benefits where critical mineral recovery helps clean up contaminated sites or industrial waste areas. This approach transforms environmental liabilities into economic assets while addressing regulatory cleanup requirements.

The technology prioritisation emphasises commercially scalable solutions rather than laboratory curiosities. Successful technologies must demonstrate clear pathways to large-scale implementation within the 2028-2030 commercialisation timeline.

Integration with Clean Energy Infrastructure

Battery material processing capabilities receive priority because domestic battery manufacturing depends on reliable supplies of processed lithium, cobalt, nickel, and other critical elements. Supply chain integration from mining through battery cell production reduces costs and improves quality control across the entire value chain.

Grid-scale energy storage mineral requirements continue expanding as utility companies deploy massive battery installations to support renewable energy integration. These applications require sustained supplies of battery-grade materials in volumes that dwarf current domestic production capabilities.

Electric vehicle supply chain support encompasses both battery materials and permanent magnet materials used in electric motor applications. The domestic automotive industry transition to electric powertrains creates unprecedented demand for processed critical minerals in automotive-grade specifications.

Integration strategies include:

• Co-location of mining and processing facilities reducing transportation costs and supply chain complexity
• Standardised material specifications enabling interchangeability across multiple end-use applications
• Long-term supply contracts providing revenue certainty for mining investments while ensuring supply security for manufacturers
• Technology sharing agreements accelerating deployment across multiple facility locations

The clean energy integration approach recognises that critical minerals development must align with broader energy transition timelines to maximise economic and strategic benefits.

How Will Success Be Measured and Monitored?

Performance Metrics and Benchmarks

Production volume targets establish quantitative benchmarks for measuring project success against commercial-scale requirements. Pilot-scale facilities must demonstrate sustained production at volumes sufficient to validate full-scale commercial potential rather than merely proving technical feasibility.

Quality standards ensure that domestically produced materials meet market-ready specifications required by downstream manufacturers. Cost competitiveness assessments compare domestic production economics against current international suppliers, accounting for supply chain security premiums and transportation cost advantages.

Key performance indicators include:

• Annual production volumes measured against commercial-scale target capacities
• Material quality metrics including purity levels, consistency, and specification compliance
• Production cost benchmarks comparing domestic costs to international market prices
• Recovery efficiency rates showing percentage of target minerals extracted from feedstock materials

Environmental impact reduction measurements track both direct environmental benefits from waste stream utilisation and broader benefits from reduced international transportation requirements. Life-cycle assessments compare total environmental impacts of domestic production against imported alternatives.

Monitoring protocols require regular reporting on technical performance, economic metrics, and environmental compliance throughout pilot phases and commercial transition periods.

Long-Term Strategic Outcomes

Market share growth in critical mineral sectors provides strategic success measurements beyond individual project performance. Domestic market penetration tracking shows progress toward supply chain independence objectives across multiple mineral categories.

Supply chain resilience indicators measure America's capacity to maintain critical mineral supplies during various disruption scenarios. These assessments include buffer capacity analysis, alternative source availability, and crisis response capabilities.

Technology transfer and commercialisation rates demonstrate the broader innovation impacts of federal investment. Successful commercial deployments of technologies developed through this funding create ongoing economic and strategic benefits extending beyond initial project periods.

Strategic outcome metrics encompass:

• Domestic production capacity growth across multiple critical mineral categories
• Import dependence reduction measured as percentage shifts from foreign to domestic sources
• Economic impact assessments including job creation, tax revenue generation, and regional development
• Allied nation supply chain cooperation expanding secure supply networks beyond domestic production

Long-term success requires sustained domestic competitive advantages rather than temporary market interventions, emphasising technology leadership and operational efficiency as key strategic outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions About Energy Department Critical Minerals Funding

Can Small Companies Apply for These Grants?

Small companies face unique challenges in meeting the technical capability requirements and financial matching obligations typical of large-scale Department of Energy programmes. However, partnership opportunities with established operators create pathways for smaller innovative firms to participate in funded projects.

Minimum capability requirements emphasise operational readiness rather than company size, meaning small companies with proven technologies and experienced management teams can successfully compete. The key factors include technical expertise, financial stability, and clear implementation plans rather than absolute company size metrics.

Support mechanisms for smaller firms include:

• Collaboration opportunities with larger companies providing operational infrastructure
• Phased funding structures reducing initial capital requirements for proven concepts
• Technical assistance programmes helping smaller companies navigate application requirements
• Industry partnership facilitation connecting innovative technologies with operational capabilities

The Department of Energy recognises that breakthrough innovations often emerge from smaller companies with specialised expertise, making their participation essential for achieving technology development objectives.

What Happens After the Pilot Phase?

Scaling pathways to commercial production require sustained support beyond initial pilot funding, including access to additional financing for commercial-scale facility development. The Department of Energy's broader $1 billion investment strategy includes provisions for supporting successful pilot projects through commercial deployment phases.

Market integration and customer development support help pilot projects establish sustainable commercial relationships with downstream manufacturers and end users. This support includes market analysis, customer introduction programmes, and long-term contract development assistance.

Commercial transition elements include:

• Follow-on funding opportunities for projects demonstrating successful pilot-scale operations
• Commercial financing facilitation connecting projects with private investment sources
• Market development assistance helping establish customer relationships and supply contracts
• Regulatory pathway support for scaling operations beyond pilot facility permits

The transition strategy recognises that pilot success alone does not guarantee commercial viability, requiring sustained support through the challenging scaling phase where many promising technologies typically fail.

How Does This Compare to International Funding Programmes?

Global competitive landscape for critical mineral development includes substantial government investments by allied nations and strategic competitors seeking to establish domestic supply capabilities and technology leadership. American funding levels must compete with international programmes while leveraging unique U.S. advantages.

U.S. advantages in technology and regulatory environment include established intellectual property protections, advanced research institutions, and stable regulatory frameworks that support long-term investment planning. These factors can offset higher labour costs and environmental compliance expenses compared to some international locations.

Strategic partnerships with allied nations create opportunities for coordinated supply chain development where American technologies and Canadian mineral resources, for example, combine to create secure North American supply networks independent of entities of concern.

International comparison factors include:

• Total government investment levels in critical minerals development across major economies
• Regulatory advantages and disadvantages affecting project development timelines and costs
• Technology transfer restrictions limiting international cooperation in sensitive mineral sectors
• Market access agreements facilitating or restricting international trade in critical materials

The American approach emphasises technological leadership and allied cooperation rather than simply matching international funding levels, creating sustainable competitive advantages through innovation and partnership strategies.

Getting Started with Your Critical Minerals Funding Application

Essential Preparation Steps

Technical feasibility studies provide the foundation for competitive applications by demonstrating that proposed mineral recovery approaches can achieve commercial-scale production at cost-effective levels. Resource assessments must show adequate feedstock availability to support sustained operations beyond pilot phases.

Stakeholder engagement and community relations require early attention because mining and processing operations depend on local acceptance and cooperation. Community consultation processes help identify potential concerns and develop mutually beneficial arrangements with local governments and residents.

Critical preparation activities include:

• Comprehensive site assessments evaluating geological, environmental, and infrastructure conditions
• Regulatory pathway mapping identifying all required permits and approval processes
• Financial planning and partnership development establishing funding sources and operational partnerships
• Technology validation and pilot testing providing supporting data for full-scale feasibility claims

Regulatory pathway planning should begin immediately because permitting processes often require extended timeframes that can delay project implementation. Early engagement with regulatory agencies helps identify potential issues and streamline approval processes.

Resources and Support Available

DOE technical assistance programmes provide application guidance and industry expertise to help potential applicants develop competitive proposals. Webinar series and information sessions offer opportunities to clarify requirements and ask specific questions about application processes.

Industry partnership facilitation connects technology developers with operational partners, feedstock suppliers with processing capabilities, and other strategic relationships essential for project success. These networking opportunities help smaller companies access the partnerships necessary for competitive applications.

Available support resources include:

• Application guidance documents providing detailed instructions and example materials
• Technical assistance consultations offering expert advice on specific project challenges
• Industry networking events facilitating partnership development and collaboration opportunities
• Regulatory compliance assistance helping navigate complex permitting and approval requirements

The December 15, 2025 deadline requires immediate action for interested applicants, making early engagement with available support resources essential for developing competitive applications within the available timeframe.

Disclaimer: This analysis is based on publicly available information from the U.S. Department of Energy as of November 14, 2025. Funding amounts, programme requirements, and application deadlines are subject to change. Prospective applicants should consult the complete Notice of Funding Opportunity documents available at energy.gov for definitive programme requirements and application instructions. The success of critical minerals projects depends on numerous factors including market conditions, regulatory approvals, and technical execution, which cannot be guaranteed. This information is provided for educational purposes and should not be considered as investment or business advice.

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